Kunoma iyiphi injini ye-piston evuthayo yangaphakathi kunengxenye exhuma i-piston nekhanda elingaphezulu lenduku yokuxhuma - iphinikhodi.Konke mayelana nezikhonkwane ze-piston, izici zabo zokuklama nezindlela zokufaka, kanye nokukhetha okulungile nokushintshwa kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zezikhonkwane kuchazwe ngokuningiliziwe esihlokweni.
Iyini iphinikhodi ye-piston
Iphinikhodi ye-piston (PP) iyingxenye yeqembu le-piston lenjini yangaphakathi evuthayo;isilinda esingenalutho sensimbi, ngosizo lapho i-piston nenduku yokuxhuma ixhunyiwe.
Ekubuyiseleni izinjini ezivuthayo zangaphakathi, ukudluliswa nokuguqulwa kwamandla avela ekushisweni kwengxube ye-fuel-air kusilinda kwenziwa yiqembu le-piston kanye ne-crank mechanism.Izingxenye eziyinhloko zalezi zinhlelo zihlanganisa i-piston kanye nenduku yokuxhuma ene-hinge joint, ngenxa yokuthi kungenzeka ukuthi uphambukise i-axis yenduku yokuxhuma ku-axis ye-piston uma iphakathi kwezikhungo ezingaphezulu neziphansi ezifile (i-TDC ne-TDC).Ukuxhumeka kwe-hinge ye-piston kanye nenduku yokuxhuma isetshenziswa kusetshenziswa ingxenye elula - iphinikhodi ye-piston.
Iphinikhodi ye-piston ixazulula imisebenzi emibili ebalulekile:
● Isebenza njengehinge phakathi kwepiston nenduku yokuxhuma;
● Ihlinzeka ngokudluliswa kwamandla nama-torques ukusuka ku-rod yokuxhuma kuya ku-piston lapho uqalisa injini futhi ukusuka ku-piston kuya ku-rod yokuxhuma lapho injini isebenza.
Okusho ukuthi, i-PP ayigcini nje ngokuxhuma i-piston kanye nenduku yokuxhuma ohlelweni olulodwa (okuhlanganisa ne-crankshaft), kodwa futhi ngokuvamile iqinisekisa ukusebenza okuhlelekile kweqembu le-piston kanye ne-crank mechanism.Ngakho-ke, noma yikuphi ukungasebenzi kahle noma ukuguga komunwe kuthinta kabi ukusebenza kwayo yonke iyunithi yamandla, edinga ukulungiswa ngokushesha.Kodwa ngaphambi kokuthenga izikhonkwane ezintsha ze-piston, kufanele uqonde ukwakheka kwazo nezinye izici.
Izinhlobo, idivayisi kanye nezici piston izikhonkwane
Zonke izikhonkwane zepiston ezisetshenziswa njengamanje zinesakhiwo esifanayo: ngokuvamile, iyinduku yensimbi engenalutho enezindonga ezincanyana ezifakwe kubaphathi bepiston kanye nekhanda lenduku engenhla yokuxhuma.Emaphethelweni ephini, ama-chamfers (angaphandle nangaphakathi) ayasuswa, okuqinisekisa ukufakwa kalula kwengxenye ku-piston noma induku yokuxhuma, futhi kuvimbele ukulimala kwezinye izingxenye uma kwenzeka uthintana nabo ngengozi.
Ngasikhathi sinye, izakhi ezahlukahlukene ezisizayo zingenziwa eminweni:
● Ukuletha izindonga zangaphakathi zibe ikhoni kusukela phakathi nendawo ukuya ngaphandle ukuze kukhanye umunwe ngenkathi igcina amandla awo;
● Amabhande endandatho angaphakathi engxenyeni emaphakathi yomunwe ukuze uqine;
● Izimbobo ezivundlile ezingemuva zokuqinisa iphinikhodi ku-piston boss.
Izikhonkwane ze-Piston zenziwe nge-carbon structural carbon (15, 20, 45 nezinye) kanye nezinye izinsimbi (imvamisa i-chromium 20X, 40X, 45X, 20HNZA nezinye) izinsimbi.Ubuso obungaphandle kanye nebhande elincane ekugcineni kwezingxenye ezenziwe ngezinsimbi ezithambile ku-carburized futhi kucinywe ukujula kwe-1.5 mm kuze kube yilapho kufinyelelwa ubunzima be-55-62 HRC (ngenkathi ungqimba lwangaphakathi lunobunzima ebangeni le-22- 30 HRC).Izingxenye ezenziwe ngezinsimbi zekhabhoni ezimaphakathi ngokuvamile ziqiniswa ngamaza amaza aphezulu.Ngemuva kokwelashwa okushisa, indawo yangaphandle ye-PP ingaphansi kokugaya.Ukuqina kwengxenye kunikeza ukumelana okuphezulu kwendawo yayo yangaphandle yokugqoka, kuyilapho i-viscosity yezingqimba zangaphakathi zodonga igcina ikhono lomunwe lokumelana nemithwalo yokushaqeka nokudlidliza.Ukugaya okungaphezulu kususa izindawo ezinezingcindezi eziyingozi, okuthi ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwenjini kungaholela ekuqhumeni, ukuqina noma ukucekelwa phansi kwezingxenye.
Idizayini yepiston evamile enenduku yokuxhuma
Njengoba sekushiwo kakade, iphinikhodi ye-piston itholakala ku-piston nasekhanda elingaphezulu lenduku yokuxhuma, ehlanganisa lezi zingxenye ohlelweni olulodwa.Ku-piston yale ngxenye kunezandiso ezimbili ezinezimbobo eziphambene - abaphathi.Kunezinketho ezimbili zokuklama zehinge phakathi kwepiston nenduku yokuxhuma:
● Ngomunwe "ontantayo";
● Ngomunwe ocindezelwe entweni yokuxhuma.
Uhlelo lwesibili lusetshenziswa kalula: kulokhu, i-PP igxiliwe engxenyeni engenhla (ingxenye eyodwa) yenduku yokuxhuma, evimbela ukuxoshwa kwayo kwe-axial, futhi kubaphathi be-piston itholakala ngegebe elithile. , okwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuguqula i-piston ngokuhlobene ne-PP ngesikhathi sokusebenza kweyunithi yamandla kuzo zonke izindlela.Futhi, igebe lihlinzeka ngokugcotshwa kwezingxenye zokuhlikihla (nakuba ngenxa yegebe elincane, umunwe kanye nezindawo zabaphathi abaxhumene nazo zihlala zisebenza kumodi yokugcoba enganele).Lolu hlelo lwalusetshenziswa ezimotweni ezifuywayo i-VAZ-2101, 2105, 2108, isetshenziswa kabanzi kumamodeli wesimanje wokukhiqiza angaphandle.
Uhlelo lweminwe "elintantayo" luyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, njengoba lunezingxenye eziningana ezisizayo.Kulolu hlelo, i-PP enegebe elincane ifakwe kuzo zombili izingxenye - kokubili kubaphathi be-piston nasekhanda lenduku engenhla yokuxhuma, lokhu kuqinisekisa ukujikeleza kwayo mahhala ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwenjini.Ukuvimbela ukususwa kwe-axial yomunwe, kusetshenziswa izindandatho zokugcina ezishisayo, ezitholakala ngaphesheya kwezimbobo zabaphathi - zisebenza njengezitobhi ze-PP, zivimbela ukuba zingawi.Amasongo angenziwa ngocingo lwasentwasahlobo olunesiphambano esiyindilinga noma agxivizwe ngeshidi lensimbi.Esimweni sokugcina, izingxenye zine-cross-section engunxande, futhi izimbobo zethuluzi zinikezwa kuzo zombili iziphetho ukuze kube lula ukufakwa nokususwa kwamasongo.
Kwezinye izimo, isikhunta sokukhiya noma amapulaki asetshenziswa, ayenziwe ngensimbi ethambile, ngakho-ke angalimazi isibuko se-cylinder lapho ethintana nayo.Ama-plugs asetshenziswa ezinjinini ezine-stroke ezimbili ngohlelo oluthile lwamafasitela okungenisa nokukhipha, ukuvimbela ukugeleza kwegesi okungafuneki phakathi kwawo.Kwesinye isikhathi isetshenziselwa ukulungisa ingxenye ngesikulufu esifakwe engxenyeni engezansi ye-boss kanye nembobo ekugcineni kwe-PP.
Izikhonkwane zepiston ezilungisiwe nezintantayo
I-PP, kungakhathaliseki indlela yokufakwa kwayo, ingase ibe nokufuduka okuhlobene ne-axis ye-piston, ifinyelele imilimitha eyodwa nengxenye noma ngaphezulu.Lokhu kususwa kuhloswe ekunciphiseni imithwalo eguquguqukayo lapho i-piston, i-PP kanye nekhanda lenduku yokuxhuma lingaphansi kwe-TDC ne-TDC.I-piston ekuhambeni kwayo ukuya ku-TDC kanye ne-TDC icindezelwa odongeni olulodwa lwesilinda, okuholela ekucindezelekeni kwe-PP odongeni olulodwa lwezimbobo ngaphakathi kwabaphathi.Ngenxa yalokho, kukhona amandla okwenza kube nzima ukuguqula i-PP ezingxenyeni zokukhwelana, futhi lapho kudlula i-TDC ne-TDC, ukujika kungenzeka kungazelelwe - lokhu kwenzeka ngokushaywa, okubonakala ngokungqongqoza kwesici.Lezi zici ziqedwa ngokuqondile ngokufaka i-PP ku-piston ngokususwa kwe-axis.
Indlela yokukhetha nokushintsha iphinikhodi ye-piston
Ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwenjini, ikakhulukazi kwezinye izindlela ezishintshayo, iminwe ithwala kanzima, iyaguga, ingakhubazeka futhi idinga ukushintshwa.Isidingo sokushintsha iminwe siboniswa ukuwohloka kokucindezelwa kanye nokwehla kwezici eziguquguqukayo zenjini, okubuye kubonakale ngokungqongqoza kwesici.
Ukulungiswa kweyunithi yamandla kuleli cala kuncishisiwe esikhundleni seminwe, futhi ngezinye izikhathi izingxenye zokukhwelana - ukuxhuma izintambo zekhanda lezintambo ezinhlelweni ezine-PP "ezintantayo", izindandatho nezinye.Ukukhethwa kweminwe emisha nezinye izingxenye zenziwa ngokuvumelana nezilinganiso zokulungisa.Ngokwesibonelo, izinjini eziningi ezifuywayo ahlinzekwa izingxenye osayizi ezintathu ukulungisa, ezahlukene 0.004 mm (isibonelo, Vaz izinjini ngokuvamile zisebenzisa izikhonkwane ububanzi 21.970-21.974 mm (isigaba 1), 21.974-21.978 mm (isigaba 2) kanye no-21.978-21.982 mm (isigaba sesi-3)).Lokhu kwenza kube lula ukukhetha izikhonkwane zama-diameter ahlukene, kucatshangelwa ukwanda kobubanzi bezimbobo ezingxenyeni zokukhwelana ngenxa yokugqoka kanye nesidina esilandelayo.I-Boring ihlale yenziwa ngezilinganiso ezifanayo zokulungisa, futhi uma ukuguga kwezingxenye kudlula ububanzi obushiwo, kufanele kushintshwe.
Njengomthetho, iminwe ithengiswa ngamasethi (2, 4 noma ngaphezulu izingcezu), ngezinye izikhathi kanye namasongo okugcina nezinye izingxenye.
Izikhonkwane ze-piston zezinhlobo ezahlukene nezindlela zokulungiswa kwazo ku-piston
Lapho ulungisa iqembu le-piston ngezikhonkwane "ezintantayo", asikho isidingo sokusebenzisa imishini ekhethekile - ukufakwa kwezingxenye kubaphathi kanye nekhanda lenduku yokuxhuma kwenziwa ngomzamo wezandla.Uma umunwe ushintshwa ngokulungiswa entweni yokuxhuma, kufanele usebenzise idivayisi ekhethekile yokucindezela nokucindezela i-PP (esimweni esilula, lezi zingaba ama-bushings nezinduku, kodwa ochwepheshe basebenzisa imishini eyinkimbinkimbi efana ne-vice. ).
Kwezinye izimo, ukufakwa kwe-PP "entantayo" kubaphathi nakho kwenziwa ngokuphazamiseka, ngenxa yalokhu i-piston ishisa emanzini noma olunye uketshezi kuya ku-55-70 ° C ngaphambi kokufakwa.Iqiniso liwukuthi i-aluminium piston ikhula ngokushesha kunephini lensimbi, ngakho-ke enjinini engashiswanga, igebe phakathi kwezingxenye liyakhula futhi livele lingqongqoze.Lapho ufaka i-PP ekuphazamiseni, igebe livela kuphela lapho imoto ifudumala, okuvimbela umthelela wezingxenye futhi, ngokufanele, ukungqongqoza.
Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi umsebenzi wokushintsha izikhonkwane ze-piston udinga ukuhlakazeka okukhulu kwenjini, ngakho-ke kungcono ukuwenza ngokuhlangenwe nakho okufanelekile noma ochwepheshe abathembekile.Kuphela ngokukhethwa okulungile kweminwe nokulungiswa okufanele, iqembu le-piston lizosebenza ngokuthembekile nangempumelelo, liqinisekisa ukusebenza okuphezulu kweyunithi yamandla.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jul-11-2023