Injini ngayinye evuthayo yangaphakathi iqukethe ikhanda le-cylinder (ikhanda le-cylinder) - ingxenye ebalulekile ukuthi, kanye nekhanda le-piston, yakha igumbi elivuthayo, futhi idlala indima ebalulekile ekusebenzeni kwesistimu ngayinye yeyunithi yamandla.Funda konke mayelana namakhanda amasilinda, izinhlobo zawo, ukwakheka, ukusebenziseka, ukugcinwa nokulungisa kulesi sihloko.
Liyini ikhanda lesilinda?
Ikhanda le-cylinder (ikhanda le-cylinder) iyiyunithi yenjini evuthayo yangaphakathi ebekwe phezulu kwebhulokhi yesilinda.
Ikhanda le-cylinder lingenye yezingxenye eziyinhloko zenjini yangaphakathi yomlilo, iqinisekisa ukusebenza kwayo futhi inquma izici zayo zokusebenza eziyinhloko.Kodwa inhloko iphathiswe imisebenzi eminingana:
• Ukwakhiwa kwamagumbi okushisa - engxenyeni engezansi yekhanda, etholakala ngqo ngaphezu kwe-cylinder, igumbi elivuthayo lenziwa (ingxenye noma ngokuphelele), ivolumu yayo egcwele yenziwa lapho i-piston ye-TDC ifinyelelwa;
• Ukunikezwa kwengxube yomoya noma i-fuel-air ekamelweni lokushisa - iziteshi ezihambisanayo (okungena kuzo) zenziwe ekhanda le-cylinder;
• Ukususwa kwamagesi okukhipha igesi emakamelweni omlilo - imigudu ehambisanayo (i-exhaust) yenziwa ekhanda le-cylinder;
• Ukupholisa kweyunithi yamandla - ekhanda le-cylinder kukhona iziteshi zebhantshi lamanzi lapho i-coolant ijikeleza khona;
• Ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kwendlela yokusabalalisa igesi (isikhathi) - amavalvu atholakala ekhanda (nazo zonke izingxenye ezihlobene - amabhushi, izihlalo) ezivula futhi zivale imigudu yokudonsa nokukhipha umoya ngokuhambisana nokushaywa kwenjini.Futhi, sonke isikhathi singatholakala ekhanda - i-camshaft (i-shafts) enezintambo zabo namagiya, i-valve drive, imithombo ye-valve nezinye izingxenye ezihlobene;
• Ukugcotshwa kwezingxenye zesikhathi - iziteshi neziqukathi zenziwa ekhanda, lapho uwoyela ugeleza khona endaweni yezingxenye zokuhlikihla;
• Ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kwesistimu yokujova uphethiloli (ezinjinini zikadizili nezijovwe) kanye / noma isistimu yokuthungela (ezinjinini zikaphethiloli) - ama-injection kaphethiloli kanye / noma ama-spark plug anezingxenye ezihlobene (kanye namapulagi akhanya ngodizili) afakwe ikhanda;
• Ukusebenza njengengxenye yomzimba yokufaka izingxenye ezihlukahlukene - ama-intake and exhaust manifolds, izinzwa, amapayipi, abakaki, ama-roller, amakhava nokunye.
Ngenxa yohlu olubanzi lwemisebenzi enjalo, izidingo eziqinile zibekwe ekhanda le-cylinder, futhi ukwakheka kwayo kungaba nzima kakhulu.Futhi namuhla kunezinhlobo eziningi zamakhanda lapho ukusebenza okuchazwe kusetshenziswa ngendlela eyodwa noma enye.
Izinhlobo zamakhanda amasilinda
Amakhanda e-cylinder ahluke ngokuklama, uhlobo kanye nendawo yekamelo elivuthayo, ubukhona kanye nohlobo lwesikhathi, kanye nenjongo nezinye izici.
amakhanda amasilinda angaba nemiklamo eyodwa kwemine:
• Ikhanda elivamile lawo wonke amasilinda ezinjini zomugqa;
• Amakhanda avamile omugqa owodwa wamasilinda ezinjini ezimise okwe-V;
• Amakhanda ahlukene amasilinda amaningana ezinjini zomugqa we-multi-cylinder;
• Amakhanda amasilinda angawodwana, amabili nama-multi-cylinder emgqeni, amise okwe-V nezinye izinjini.
Izinhlobo eziyinhloko zamakamelo omlilo wezinjini ezivuthayo zangaphakathi
Ezinjinini ezivamile ezingu-2-6-cylinder, amakhanda avamile avame ukusetshenziselwa ukumboza wonke amasilinda.Ezinjini ezimise okwe-V, zombili izinhloko ze-cylinder ezivamile kumugqa owodwa wamasilinda kanye namakhanda ngamanye ku-cylinder ngayinye asetshenziswa (isibonelo, izinjini eziyisishiyagalombili ze-KAMAZ 740 zisebenzisa amakhanda ahlukene kusilinda ngasinye).Amakhanda amasilinda ahlukene ezinjini zomugqa asetshenziswa kancane kakhulu, ngokuvamile ikhanda elilodwa limboza amasilinda ama-2 noma ama-3 (isibonelo, ezinjinini zedizili ezinamasilinda ayisithupha MMZ D-260 amakhanda amabili afakiwe - elilodwa lamasilinda ama-3).Amakhanda angamasilinda asetshenziswa ezinjinini zikadizili ezinamandla (ngokwesibonelo, ku-Altai A-01 izinjini zikadizili), kanye nasemayunithi wamandla omklamo okhethekile (ibhokisi lamasilinda amabili, inkanyezi, njll.).Futhi ngokwemvelo, amakhanda ngamanye kuphela angasetshenziswa ezinjini ze-cylinder eyodwa, ezibuye zenze imisebenzi ye-radiator epholile emoyeni.
Ngokwendawo yegumbi elivuthayo, kunezinhlobo ezintathu zamakhanda:
• Ngegumbi elivuthayo ekhanda le-cylinder - kulokhu, i-piston ene-flat bottom isetshenziswa, noma ine-displacer;
• Ngegumbi elivuthayo ekhanda le-cylinder kanye ne-piston - kulokhu, ingxenye yegumbi elivuthayo lenziwa ekhanda le-piston;
• Ngegumbi elivuthayo ku-piston - kulokhu, indawo engezansi yekhanda le-cylinder iyisicaba (kodwa kungase kube khona ama-recesses okufaka ama-valve endaweni ethambekele).
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, amakamelo omlilo angaba nokubunjwa nokucushwa okuhlukene: i-spherical ne-hemispherical, i-hipped, i-wedge ne-semi-wedge, i-flat-oval, i-cylindrical, i-complex (ehlanganisiwe).
Ngokusho kokuba khona kwezingxenye zesikhathi, inhloko yeyunithi yilezi:
• Ngaphandle kwesikhathi - amakhanda ama-multi-cylinder low-valve kanye ne-single-cylinder ama-valve angenawo ama-stroke amabili;
• Ngama-valve, izingalo ze-rocker kanye nezingxenye ezihlobene - amakhanda enjini ane-camshaft ephansi, zonke izingxenye zitholakala phezulu kwekhanda lesilinda;
• Ngesikhathi esigcwele - i-camshaft, i-valve drive nama-valve anezingxenye ezihlobene, zonke izingxenye zitholakala engxenyeni engenhla yekhanda.
Okokugcina, amakhanda angahlukaniswa ngokwenhloso yawo abe yizinhlobo eziningi - amayunithi amandla kadizili, uphethiloli kanye negesi, ezinjinini ezinejubane eliphansi neziphoqelekile, ezinjinini zangaphakathi ezipholile nezipholile emoyeni, njll. Kuzo zonke lezi zimo. , amakhanda e-cylinder anezici ezithile zokuklama - ubukhulu, ukuba khona kwamashaneli okupholisa noma ama-fin, ukuma kwamakamelo omlilo, njll. Kodwa ngokuvamile, ukuklama kwazo zonke lezi zinhloko kufana ngokuyisisekelo.
umklamo wekhanda le-cylinder
Ingxenye yekhanda lesilinda
Ngokwesakhiwo, ikhanda le-cylinder liyingxenye eqinile eyenziwe ngezinto ezinokushisa okuphezulu - namuhla kuvame ukusetshenziselwa ama-alloys e-aluminium, insimbi emhlophe kanye namanye ama-alloys.Zonke izingxenye zezinhlelo ezikuyo zakhiwe ekhanda - iziteshi zokungenisa nokukhipha, izimbobo ze-valve (i-valve guide bushings icindezelwa kuzo), amakamelo omlilo, izihlalo ze-valve (zingenziwa ngama-alloys aqinile), izindawo zokusekela zokukhweza. izingxenye zesikhathi, imithombo kanye nezimbobo ezifakiwe zokufaka amakhandlela kanye / noma ama-nozzles, iziteshi zesistimu yokupholisa, iziteshi zesistimu yokugcoba, Uma ikhanda lenzelwe injini ene-camshaft ephezulu, khona-ke umbhede uyakhiwa endaweni yawo engaphezulu yokubeka i-shaft. (ngemigqa).
Ezingxenyeni ezisemaceleni zekhanda le-cylinder, izindawo zokugcwalisa zenziwa ukuze kufakwe ama-nifolds amaningi okungenisa nokukhipha.Ukufakwa kwalezi zingxenye kwenziwa ngokuvala ama-gaskets angafaki ukuvuza komoya kanye nokuvuza kwe-exhaust.Ezinjini zanamuhla, ukufakwa kwalezi nezinye izingxenye ekhanda kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa izikhonkwane namantongomane.
Endaweni engezansi yekhanda le-cylinder, indawo yokugcwalisa yenzelwe ukukhwezwa ku-block.Ukuqinisekisa ukuqina kwamagumbi omlilo kanye neziteshi zesistimu yokupholisa, i-gasket itholakala phakathi kwekhanda le-cylinder kanye nesikhungo sebhizinisi.Ukubekwa uphawu kungenziwa ngama-gaskets avamile enziwe nge-paronite, izinto ezisekelwe enjoloba, njll., Kodwa eminyakeni yamuva nje, okuthiwa amaphakethe ensimbi asetshenziswa kakhulu - ama-gaskets ahlanganiswe nethusi ane-synthetic inserts.
Ingxenye engenhla yekhanda ivaliwe ngesivalo (insimbi enesitembu noma ipulasitiki) enentamo yokugcwalisa amafutha kanye nesivalo.Ukufakwa kwekhava kwenziwa nge-gasket.Isembozo sivikela izingxenye zesikhathi, ama-valve neziphethu ekungcoleni nasekulimaleni, futhi sivimbela ukuchitheka kukawoyela ngenkathi imoto ihamba.
Umklamo wekhanda lesilinda
Ukufakwa kwekhanda le-cylinder ku-block kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa izikhonkwane noma ama-bolts.Ama-studs angcono kakhulu kumabhulokhi e-aluminium, njengoba ehlinzeka ngocingo oluthembekile ekhanda futhi asabalalisa imithwalo emzimbeni webhulokhi.
Amakhanda e-cylinder enjini epholile emoyeni (isithuthuthu, isithuthuthu nabanye) anamaphiko endaweni yangaphandle - ukuba khona kwamaphiko kwandisa kakhulu indawo yekhanda, kuqinisekisa ukupholisa kwayo okuphumelelayo ngokugeleza komoya okuzayo.
Izinkinga zokunakekelwa, ukulungiswa kanye nokushintshwa kwekhanda le-cylinder
Ikhanda le-cylinder kanye nezingxenye ezifakwe kulo zingaphansi kwemithwalo ebalulekile, okuholela ekugqokeni kwabo okujulile nokuqhekeka.Njengomthetho, ukungasebenzi kahle kwekhanda ngokwalo akuvamile - lokhu kungukuguquguquka okuhlukahlukene, ukuqhekeka, ukulimala ngenxa yokugqwala, njll. Ukuze ungene esikhundleni, kufanele ukhethe inhloko yohlobo olufanayo nenombolo yekhathalogi, ngaphandle kwalokho ingxenye ngeke iwele indawo (ngaphandle kokuguqulwa).
Ngokuvamile, ukuphuka kwekhanda le-cylinder kwenzeka ezinhlelweni ezifakwe kuyo - isikhathi, ukuthambisa, njll. Ngokuvamile lokhu ukuguga kwezihlalo ze-valve nama-bushings, ama-valve ngokwawo, izingxenye zokushayela, i-camshaft, njll. Kuzo zonke lezi zimo, izingxenye ezinesici ziyashintshwa. noma ilungiswe.Kodwa-ke, egaraji, ezinye izinhlobo zokulungisa zinzima ukwenza, isibonelo, ukucindezela nokucindezela i-valve guide bushings, izihlalo ze-valve lapping kanye nomunye umsebenzi kungenzeka kuphela ngethuluzi elikhethekile.
Ukunakwa ngokukhethekile kufanele kukhokhwe ekufakweni okulungile kwekhanda le-cylinder.Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi i-cylinder head gasket iyalahlwa, kufanele ishintshwe uma ikhanda lichithwa, ukufakwa kabusha kwale ngxenye akwamukeleki.Lapho ufaka ikhanda le-cylinder, ukuhleleka okulungile kokuqinisa izinsimbi (izigxobo noma ama-bolts) kufanele kubhekwe: ngokuvamile umsebenzi uqala kusukela phakathi kwekhanda ngokunyakaza ukuya emaphethelweni.Ngalokhu kuqinisa, umthwalo ekhanda usakazwa ngokulinganayo futhi ukuguqulwa okungamukeleki kuvinjelwe.
Ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwemoto, ukugcinwa kwekhanda nezinhlelo ezikuyo kufanele kwenziwe ngokuhambisana nemiyalelo nezincomo zomenzi.Ngokulungiswa nokulungiswa ngesikhathi, ikhanda lesilinda nayo yonke injini izosebenza ngokwethembeka nangempumelelo.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Aug-21-2023