Ukudluliswa kwezimoto ezinama-axle amaningi kanye namasondo onke kusebenzisa indlela yokusabalalisa i-torque phakathi kwama-axle okushayela - umehluko ophakathi.Funda konke mayelana nalo mshini, inhloso yawo, ukuklama, isimiso sokusebenza, kanye nokulungisa nokugcinwa esihlokweni.
Uyini umehluko wesikhungo?
Umehluko wesikhungo - iyunithi yokudlulisela yezimoto ezinamasondo ezinama-axle amabili noma ngaphezulu okushayela;Umshini ohlukanisa i-torque evela ku-propeller shaft ibe imifudlana emibili ezimele, bese ifakwa kuma-gearbox ama-axle okushayela.
Enqubweni yokunyakaza kwezimoto nezimoto ezinamasondo ezinama-ekseli amaningana okushayela, kuvela izimo ezidinga ukujikeleza kwamasondo ama-ekseli ahlukene ngesivinini esihlukile.Isibonelo, ezimotweni ezidonsa ngawo wonke amasondo, amasondo angaphambili, aphakathi nendawo (ezimoto ezinama-axle amaningi) nama-axle angemuva anesivinini esingalingani se-angular lapho ujika futhi uhamba, lapho ushayela emigwaqweni enethambeka nasezindaweni ezingalingani zomgwaqo, njll. Uma wonke ama-ekseli okushayela abenoxhumano oluqinile, khona-ke ezimweni ezinjalo amanye amasondo ayeshelela noma, ngokuphambene, ashelele, okungaphazamisa kakhulu ukusebenza kahle kokuguqulwa kwetorque futhi ngokuvamile kube nomthelela omubi ukuhamba kwezindlela zethrafikhi.Ukuze uvimbele izinkinga ezinjalo, umshini owengeziwe wethulwa ekudlulisweni kwezimoto nezimoto ezinama-ekseli amaningana okushayela - umehluko wesikhungo.
Umehluko wesikhungo wenza imisebenzi eminingana:
● Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-torque evela ku-propeller shaft ibe imifudlana emibili, ngayinye enikezwa ku-gearbox we-axle eyodwa yokushayela;
● Ukushintsha i-torque enikezwa i-ekseli ngayinye kuye ngokuthi imithwalo esebenza emasondweni kanye nesivinini sama-angular;
● Ukukhiya okuhlukile - ukuhlukanisa i-torque ibe imifudlana emibili elinganayo ukuze unqobe izingxenye ezinzima zomgwaqo (uma ushayela emigwaqweni eshibilikayo noma ngaphandle komgwaqo).
Lo mshini wathola igama lawo ku-Latin differentia - umehluko noma umehluko.Enqubweni yokusebenza, umehluko uhlukanisa ukugeleza kwe-torque okungenayo kabili, futhi izikhathi ekugelezeni ngakunye zingahluka kakhulu komunye nomunye (kuze kufike eqinisweni lokuthi konke okungenayo kugeleza ku-eksisi eyodwa, futhi akukho okwesibili. i-axis), kodwa isamba sezikhathi ezikuzo sihlala silingana ne-torque engenayo (noma icishe ilingane, njengoba ingxenye yetorque ilahlekile ekuhlukeni kwayo ngenxa yamandla aphikisanayo).
Umehluko omaphakathi wezimoto ezinama-ekseli amathathu uvamise ukutholakala ku-ekseli emaphakathi
Ukwehluka kwesikhungo kusetshenziswa kuzo zonke izimoto nemishini enama-ekseli okushayela amabili noma ngaphezulu.Kodwa-ke, indawo yalo mshini ingase yehluke kuye ngefomula yesondo kanye nezici zokudluliselwa kwemoto:
● Endabeni yokudlulisa - esetshenziswa ezimotweni ezingu-4×4, 6×6 (izinketho zingenzeka kokubili ukushayela kuphela i-axle yangaphambili kanye nokushayela wonke ama-ekseli) kanye no-8×8;
● Ku-axle yokushayela emaphakathi - esetshenziswa kakhulu ezimotweni eziyi-6×4, kodwa futhi itholakala ezimotweni ezine-axle.
Ukwehluka kwesikhungo, kungakhathaliseki indawo, kunikeza ithuba lokusebenza okuvamile kwemoto kuzo zonke izimo zomgwaqo.Ukungasebenzi kahle noma ukuncipha kwensiza ehlukile kuthinta kabi ukusebenza kwemoto, ngakho-ke kufanele ziqedwe ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka.Kodwa ngaphambi kokulungisa noma ukususa ngokuphelele lo mshini, udinga ukuqonda ukwakheka nokusebenza kwawo.
Izinhlobo, idivayisi kanye nesimiso ukusebenza umehluko isikhungo
Izimoto ezahlukahlukene zisebenzisa umehluko wesikhungo owakhiwe ngesisekelo sezinqubo zamaplanethi.Ngokuvamile, iyunithi iqukethe umzimba (imvamisa eyakhiwe izinkomishi ezimbili), ngaphakathi lapho kukhona isiphambano esinamasathelayithi (amagiya e-bevel) axhunywe kumagiya amabili e-axle (amagiya e-axle yokushayela).Umzimba uxhunywe nge-flange ku-propeller shaft, lapho wonke umshini uthola ukujikeleza.Amagiya axhunywe ngokusebenzisa ama-shaft egiyeni lokushayela lama-axles awo.Wonke lo mklamo ungabekwa ku-crankcase yawo, ogibele i-crankcase ye-axle yokushayela ephakathi, noma endlini yekesi lokudlulisa.
Umehluko ophakathi usebenza kanje.Ngokuhamba okufanayo kwemoto emgwaqeni onomhlaba oyisicaba futhi oqinile, i-torque esuka ku-propeller shaft idluliselwa endlini ehlukile kanye nesiphambano esinama-satellites afakwe kuwo.Njengoba amasathelayithi esebenzisana namagiya ane-asikilishi ewuhhafu, womabili nawo ayashintshana futhi adlulisele i-torque kuma-axle awo.Uma, nganoma yisiphi isizathu, amasondo enye yama-axle eqala ukwehla, igiya le-axle elinguhhafu elihlotshaniswa naleli bhuloho linciphisa ukujikeleza kwalo - ama-satellite aqala ukugoqa ngaleli giya, okuholela ekusheshiseni ukujikeleza kwe-axle. igiya le-asi eliyingxenye yesibili.Ngenxa yalokho, amasondo e-axle yesibili athola i-angular velocity anda uma kuqhathaniswa namasondo e-axle yokuqala - lokhu kunxephezela umehluko wemithwalo ye-axle.
Idizayini yomehluko omaphakathi weloli
Ukwehluka kwesikhungo kungase kube nomehluko othile wedizayini nezici zokusebenza.Okokuqala, wonke umehluko uhlukaniswe ngamaqembu amabili ngokuya ngezimpawu zokusatshalaliswa kwe-torque phakathi kwemifudlana emibili:
● I-Symmetrical - sabalalisa isikhathi ngokulinganayo phakathi kokusakaza okubili;
● I-Asymmetrical - sabalalisa isikhathi ngokungalingani.Lokhu kufezwa ngokusebenzisa amagiya e-semi-axial anenani elihlukile lamazinyo.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, cishe wonke umehluko wesikhungo unomshini wokukhiya, oqinisekisa ukusebenza okuphoqelekile kweyunithi kumodi yokusabalalisa i-torque elinganayo.Lokhu kuyadingeka ukuze unqobe izingxenye ezinzima zemigwaqo, lapho amasondo e-axle eyodwa engakwazi ukuhlukana nomgwaqo (lapho enqoba izimbobo) noma alahlekelwe ukuhamba nayo (ngokwesibonelo, ukushelela eqhweni noma odakeni).Ezimweni ezinjalo, yonke i-torque inikezwa amasondo ale-axle, futhi amasondo ane-traction evamile ayishintshi nhlobo - imoto ayikwazi ukuqhubeka nokuhamba.Umshini wokukhiya usakaza i-torque ngokulinganayo phakathi kwama-axles, ukuvimbela amasondo ukuthi ajikeleze ngesivinini esihlukile - lokhu kukuvumela ukuthi unqobe izigaba zomgwaqo ezinzima.
Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zokuvimba:
● Imanuwali;
● Okuzenzakalelayo.
Esimweni sokuqala, umehluko uvinjelwe umshayeli esebenzisa indlela ekhethekile, esimweni sesibili, iyunithi iyazivala lapho kwenzeka izimo ezithile, ezichazwe ngezansi.
Indlela yokukhiya elawulwa ngesandla ngokuvamile yenziwa ngendlela yokuhlanganisa amazinyo, etholakala emazinyweni omunye wamashafu, futhi ingahlanganyela nomzimba weyunithi (ngesinye sezitsha zayo).Lapho uhamba, i-clutch ixhuma ngokuqinile i-shaft kanye nezindlu ezihlukene - kulokhu, lezi zingxenye zijikeleza ngesivinini esifanayo, futhi i-axles ngayinye ithola ingxenye ye-torque ephelele.Ukulawulwa kwendlela yokukhiya emalolini kuvame ukushayelwa umoya: i-clutch yegiya ihamba ngosizo lwemfoloko elawulwa yinduku yegumbi lomoya elakhelwe ku-crankcase yokuhluka.Umoya unikezwa ekamelweni nge-crane ekhethekile elawulwa yi-switch ehambisanayo ku-cab yemoto.Kuma-SUV nezinye izinto ezisetshenziswayo ngaphandle kwesistimu ye-pneumatic, ukulawulwa kwendlela yokukhiya kungaba ngomshini (usebenzisa uhlelo lwama-levers nezintambo) noma i-electromechanical (usebenzisa i-motor kagesi).
Ukuhluka okuzikhiyayo kungase kube nezindlela zokukhiya eziqapha umehluko we-torque noma umehluko wama-angular velocities wama-ekseli okushayela ama-axle okushayela.Ama-viscous, ama-friction noma ama-camclutches, kanye nezinye izindlela zeplanethi noma izikelemu (ezinhlobonhlobo zohlobo lwe-Torsen) kanye nezakhi ezisizayo ezahlukahlukene zingasetshenziswa njengezindlela ezinjalo.Wonke la madivayisi avumela umehluko othile we-torque kumabhuloho, ngaphezu kwawo avinjelwe.Ngeke sicabangele idivayisi kanye nokusebenza kokuhluka kokuzikhiya lapha - namuhla kukhona ukuqaliswa okuningi kwalezi zindlela, ungafunda kabanzi ngazo emithonjeni efanele.
Idizayini yomehluko omaphakathi weloli
Izinkinga zokunakekela, ukukhanda kanye nokushintshwa komehluko wesikhungo
Umehluko wesikhungo uhlangabezana nemithwalo ebalulekile ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwemoto, ngakho ngokuhamba kwesikhathi izingxenye zayo ziyaguga futhi zingacekelwa phansi.Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza okuvamile kokudluliselwa, le yunithi kufanele ihlolwe njalo, igcinwe futhi ilungiswe.Ngokuvamile, ngesikhathi sokugcinwa okujwayelekile, ukuhlukana kuyahlakazwa futhi kubhekene nokuxazulula izinkinga, zonke izingxenye ezigugile (amagiya anamazinyo agugile noma aphukile, izimpawu zamafutha, ama-bearings, izingxenye ezinemifantu, njll.) zithathelwa indawo ezintsha.Uma kwenzeka umonakalo omkhulu, indlela ishintsha ngokuphelele.
Ukwandisa impilo yokuhlukanisa, kuyadingeka ukushintsha njalo amafutha kuwo, ukuhlanza ama-breathers, hlola ukusebenza kwe-locking mechanism drive.Yonke le misebenzi yenziwa ngokulandela imiyalelo yokugcinwa nokulungiswa kwemoto.
Ngokulungiswa okuvamile nokusebenza kahle kokuhlukana kwesikhungo, imoto izozizwa iqiniseka ngisho nasezimweni ezinzima kakhulu zomgwaqo.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jul-14-2023