Zonke izimoto, ngokuhambisana nomthetho wamanje, zifakwe izibani zokukhanyisa - izibani zezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene.Funda mayelana nokuthi iyini ilambu lemoto, yiziphi izinhlobo zezibani, ukuthi zisebenza kanjani futhi zisebenza kanjani, kanye nokukhetha okulungile, ukushintshwa nokusebenza kwezibani - funda isihloko.
Liyini ilambu lemoto?
Isibani semoto siyisibani sikagesi esibekwe ngaphambili emotweni.Le divayisi inikeza ukukhanya komgwaqo nendawo ezungezile emazingeni aphansi okukhanya, noma ezimeni zokungabonwa okwanele.Izibani zangaphambili zivame ukubizwa ngokuthi izibani zekhanda noma i-head optics, ebonisa injongo nendawo yazo.
Izibani zingenye yezingxenye eziyinhloko zokukhanyisa izimoto, zixazulula izinkinga eziningana:
• Ukukhanyisa kwesigaba somgwaqo kanye nendawo ezungezile phambi kwemoto ebumnyameni - kwenza ukukhanya kwekhanda;
• Ukukhanyisa emgwaqeni enkungu, iqhwa, isiphepho sesihlabathi, njll. - khanyisa amalambu enkungu;
• Ukukhanya kwendawo ebangeni elide ngaphandle kwemigwaqo yomphakathi, ngesikhathi semisebenzi yokucinga nokuhlenga futhi kwezinye izimo - yenza izibani zokusesha kanye nezibani zokusesha;
• Ukuqinisekisa ukubonakala kwemoto lapho ushayela emigwaqweni yomphakathi ngesikhathi sasemini - amalambu acwilisiwe enziwa uma kungekho noma kunqanyuliwe amalambu asemini.
Le misebenzi yabelwe izibani zangaphambili zezinhlobo nemiklamo ehlukahlukene.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwezibani zemoto
Izibani zezimoto zihlukaniswe ngezinhlobo ngokusho kwendlela yokwenza i-beam yokukhanya, inhloso, ukusebenza ezinhlelweni ezihlukahlukene zokukhanyisa kanye nedivayisi.
Ngokwendlela yokwenza i-beam yokukhanya, kunezinhlobo ezimbili zamalambu:
• I-Reflex (i-reflective) - izibani zangaphambili zendabuko ezine-reflector ye-parabolic noma i-complex shape, eyenza i-beam yokukhanya eqondisayo;
• I-Projection (i-searchlight, i-lens, izibani zangaphambili zesistimu yokukhanyisa i-semi-ellipsoid) - izibani zesimanje ezine-lens optical, okuqinisekisa ukwakheka kwe-beam yokukhanya enamandla enosayizi ohlangene wedivayisi yonke.
Ngokwenhloso yabo, izibani zangaphambili zihlukaniswe ngamaqembu amathathu:
• Okuyisisekelo (ukukhanya kwekhanda) - ukukhanyisa umgwaqo kanye nendawo ezungezile ebumnyameni;
• Inkungu - ukukhanyisa umgwaqo ngaphansi kwezimo ezingabonakali ngokwanele;
• Izibani zokusesha nezibani zokusesha - imithombo yokukhanya okuqondisayo ukukhanyisa indawo eseduze futhi ebangeni elide.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izibani zangaphambili zihlukaniswe ngezinhlobo ezintathu:
• I-beam ephansi;
• I-beam ephezulu;
• Kuhlanganiswe - idivayisi eyodwa ingasebenza kumodi ye-beam ephansi nephezulu (kodwa hhayi kumamodi amabili ngesikhathi esisodwa, okubhalwe ngokucacile ku-GOST).
Izibani ezikhanyayo eziphansi neziphakeme ziyahluka ngephethini yemisebe nezici zokugeleza okukhanyayo.
Amalambu acwilisiwe akhanyisa umgwaqo ngqo phambi kwemoto futhi avimbele abashayeli ukuthi bangacwayizi emzileni ozayo.Lo mshini wenza i-beam ethambekele phansi futhi iqondiswe emgwaqeni, ngale njongo isibani sibekwe phambi kokugxilwa kwesibonisi se-headlight, futhi ingxenye yokukhanya okukhanyayo okuvela emculweni wayo ivikelwe (ngezansi).Amalambu acwilisiwe angakha umsebe onamaphethini emisebe ahlukene:
Izibani ezikhanyayo eziphansi neziphakeme ziyahluka ngephethini yemisebe nezici zokugeleza okukhanyayo.
Amalambu acwilisiwe akhanyisa umgwaqo ngqo phambi kwemoto futhi avimbele abashayeli ukuthi bangacwayizi emzileni ozayo.Lo mshini wenza i-beam ethambekele phansi futhi iqondiswe emgwaqeni, ngale njongo isibani sibekwe phambi kokugxilwa kwesibonisi se-headlight, futhi ingxenye yokukhanya okukhanyayo okuvela emculweni wayo ivikelwe (ngezansi).Amalambu acwilisiwe angakha umsebe onamaphethini emisebe ahlukene:
Ukusebenza kwe-headlamp ku-low beam
imodiUkusebenza kwelambu ekushayeleni imodi yesigxobo
• I-Symmetrical - ukukhanya kusakazeka phambili ngokulinganayo, kancane kancane kulahlekelwa amandla ngokuphambuka kusuka ku-axis optical ye-headlight kuya kwesokudla nakwesokunxele;
• I-Asymmetric (yaseYurophu) - i-beam yokukhanya ikhanyisa umgwaqo ngokungalingani, ukukhanya okuphezulu kokukhanya kunikezwa ngakwesokudla, okuhlanganisa umzila ongakwesokudla kanye nehlombe, ukuncishiswa kwe-beam ngakwesobunxele kuvimbela ukuphuphuthekisa abashayeli kumzila ozayo.
Ilambu eliphakeme lokukhanya likhanyisa umgwaqo kanye nesimo sezwe kude kakhulu nemoto.Isibani salesi sibani sitholakala ngqo ekugxilweni kwe-reflector, ngakho-ke i-symmetrical beam of high intensity yakha, iqondiswe phambili.
Izibani zangaphambili zingasetshenziswa kuma-head Optics wezinhlelo ezihlukahlukene:
• Uhlelo lwamalambu amabili - izibani ezimbili zohlobo oluhlanganisiwe zisetshenziswa, ezitholakala ngokulinganayo ezinhlangothini zombili ze-axis ephakathi yale moto;
• Uhlelo lwamalambu amane - kusetshenziswe izibani ezine, ezimbili zazo ezisebenza kuphela kwimodi yokukhanya ephansi, ezimbili - kuphela kwimodi yokukhanya okuphezulu.Izibani zangaphambili zihlanganiswe ngamapheya "e-dipped beam + high beam", lawa mapheya atholakala ngokulinganayo eksisi ephakathi yale moto.
Ngokuhambisana nomthetho wamanje (GOST R 41.48-2004 (UNECE Regulations No. 48) kanye nabanye), izimoto kufanele ifakwe ngokuqinile ezimbili ecwilisiwe futhi okusezingeni eliphezulu ukukhanya izibani, izibani inkungu ezimbili ingafakwa optionally, ukuba khona acwiliswe eyengeziwe. kanye nezibani ezikhanyayo eziphakeme noma, ngokuphambene, ukungabikho kwamadivayisi ajwayelekile akuvunyelwe, imoto enjalo ayikwazi ukusebenza (ngokwesigaba 3 esithi "Izinhlinzeko Eziyisisekelo Zokungeniswa Kwemoto Ukusebenza ..." Imithetho Yethrafikhi yaseRussia Federation).
Idizayini nezici zamalambu emoto
Ngokuklama, izibani zangaphambili zihlukaniswe ngezinhlobo eziningana:
• Ikhabhinethi - ibe nekesi ehlukile, ingafakwa kubakaki emzimbeni wemoto noma kwenye indawo.Lolu hlobo luhlanganisa izibani eziningi zezimoto ezifika eminyakeni engu-60, kanye namalambu enkungu, izibani zokusesha kanye nezibani zokusesha;
• I-Built-in - efakwe kuma-niches akhethekile anikezwe ngaphambili kwemoto;
• Vimba izibani zangaphambili - hlanganisa izibani zangaphambili ezicwilisiwe neziphakeme kanye nezinkomba zendlela zibe idizayini eyodwa.Ngokuvamile zishumekiwe;
• Amalambu-amalambu - amalambu anosayizi onyukile, Ahlanganiswe abe umklamo owodwa one-reflector kanye ne-diffuser, akhelwe ngaphakathi.Okuvame kakhulu ezimotweni zaseMelika, namuhla zisetshenziswa kancane kakhulu kunezibani ezivamile.
Ngokwesakhiwo, wonke amalambu angaphambili ayafana.Isisekelo somkhiqizo yisimo lapho i-reflector ifakwe khona - isibuko esigobile ngendlela ethile (imvamisa ipulasitiki ene-metallized reflection coating), eqinisekisa ukwakheka kokukhanya okuqondiswe phambili.
Kunezinhlobo ezintathu zokubonisa:
• I-Parabolic - idizayini yakudala, isibonisi sinokuma kwe-paraboloid yokuzungezisa, okuqinisekisa ukusatshalaliswa okufanayo kokukhanya emgqeni wokubona;
• Ifomu lamahhala - i-reflector inomumo oyinkimbinkimbi enezindawo ezinokuthambekela okuhlukile komunye nomunye, yenza i-beam yokukhanya enephethini ethile yemisebe;
• I-Elliptical - lokhu kuyisimo se-reflectors of projection (lens) izibani zangaphambili, i-elliptical shape inikeza iphethini edingekayo ye-beam yokukhanya endaweni evaliwe.
Iyunithi yokukhanyisa ngaphambili isebenzisa izibonisi ezimbalwa zazo zonke izibani ezihlanganiswe ekwakhiweni okukodwa.Umthombo wokukhanya ufakwe phakathi nendawo yesibonisi - isibani sohlobo olulodwa noma olunye (esivamile, i-halogen, i-LED, i-xenon), ezibanini ezikhanyayo ezikhanyayo i-filament noma i-arc itholakala ekugxilweni kwesibonisi, ekukhanyeni okucwilisiwe. ilethwa phambili kancane.Ngaphambili, i-headlight imbozwe nge-diffuser - ingxenye esobala eyenziwe ngengilazi noma i-polycarbonate, lapho kufakwa khona i-corrugation.Ukuba khona kwe-corrugation kuqinisekisa ukuhlakazeka okufanayo kwe-beam yokukhanya kuyo yonke indawo ekhanyisiwe.Asikho i-diffuser kuzibani zokusesha kanye nezibani zokusesha, ngokuqondile, ingilazi emboze isibani ayinakho ukubola, ibushelelezi.Emalambu enkungu, ilensi ingase ipendwe ephuzi.
Ukwakhiwa kwezibani zangaphambili ezinamalensi kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.Zisekelwe ku-reflector elliptical, lapho kugxilwe khona isibani, futhi endaweni ethile - i-lens yokuqoqa optical.Phakathi kwelensi nesibonisi kungase kube khona isikrini esinyakazayo esishintsha i-beam yokukhanya lapho ushintsha phakathi kwe-beam ephansi ne-high.
Umklamo jikelele kanye nokusebenza kwesibani semoto esine-lens
Umzimba kanye ne-lens ye-headlamp imakwe ngezici zayo eziyinhloko kanye nezinhlobo zezibani ezingafakwa.Ukufakwa kweminye imithombo yokukhanya akwamukelekile (ngaphandle kokungavamile), lokhu kungashintsha izici zokukhanya, futhi ngenxa yalokho, imoto ngeke idlule ukuhlolwa.
Izinkinga zokukhetha, ukushintshwa kanye nokusebenza kwezibani zemoto
Ukukhetha ama-optics amasha, kuyadingeka ukucabangela ukuklama, izici nezici zemikhiqizo emidala, ngokufanelekile kufanele uthenge i-headlight yemodeli efanayo.Uma sikhuluma ngezibani zenkungu noma izibani zokusesha kanye nezibani zokusesha ezazingekho emotweni, khona-ke lapha kufanele ucabangele ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukufaka lawa madivaysi emotweni (ukuba khona kwabakaki abafanelekile, njll.) nezici zabo.
Ukunakwa okukhethekile kufanele kukhokhwe ekukhethweni kwezibani zangaphambili.Namuhla, zivame ukwethulwa ngezinguqulo ezimbili - ngengxenye esobala (emhlophe) nephuzi yesiginali yokujika.Uma ukhetha isibani esinengxenye yesignali ephuzi ephuzi, udinga ukuthenga isibani nge-bulb esobala, lapho ukhetha isibani esinengxenye yesignali emhlophe ephendukayo, udinga ukuthenga isibani esinesibani esiphuzi (amber).
Ukushintshwa kwezibani zemoto kwenziwa ngokulandela imiyalelo yokusebenza nokulungiswa kwemoto.Ngemuva kokushintshwa, kuyadingeka ukulungisa izibani ngokuya ngemiyalelo efanayo.Esimweni esilula, lo msebenzi wenziwa kusetshenziswa isikrini - indiza eqondile enezimpawu lapho izibani ziqondiswa khona, udonga, umnyango wegaraji, ucingo, njll.
Nge-European-style low beam (ene-asymmetric beam), kuyadingeka ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umkhawulo ophezulu wengxenye evundlile yendawo yokukhanya utholakala ngaphansi nje kwesikhungo sezibani.Ukunquma leli banga, ungasebenzisa ifomula elandelayo:
h = H–(14×L×H)/1000000
lapho h okuyibanga ukusuka eksisi yezibani zangaphambili ukuya emngceleni ongenhla wendawo, H ibanga ukusuka endaweni yomgwaqo ukuya phakathi nendawo yezibani, L ibanga ukusuka emotweni ukuya esikrinini, iyunithi yokulinganisa mm.
Ukuze ulungise, kuyadingeka ukubeka imoto ebangeni elingamamitha angu-5-8 ukusuka esikrinini, inani h kufanele lilale ebangeni lika-35-100 mm, kuye ngokuthi ukuphakama kwemoto kanye nendawo yezibani zayo.
Ukuze uthole i-boam ephakeme, kuyadingeka ukuqinisekisa ukuthi isikhungo sezindawo zokukhanya silele cishe isigamu sebanga ukusuka ku-axis optical ye-headlamp kanye nomngcele wendawo yokukhanya kwe-low beam.Futhi, izimbazo ze-optical zezibani kufanele ziqondiswe phambili ngokuqinile, ngaphandle kokuphambuka ezinhlangothini.
Ngokukhetha okulungile nokulungiswa kwamalambu, imoto izothola izisetshenziswa zokukhanyisa zekhwalithi ephezulu ezihlangabezana nezidingo zezindinganiso futhi ziqinisekise ukuphepha emgwaqeni uma ushayela ebumnyameni.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Aug-22-2023