Kuzo zonke izimoto zanamuhla, ugandaganda nezinye izimoto, kusetshenziswa izibani eziningana - izibani.Funda mayelana nokuthi siyini isibani semoto, yiziphi izinhlobo zezibani ezikhona nokuthi zihlelwe kanjani, ukuthi ungakhetha kanjani futhi usebenzise izibani zezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene - funda kulesi sihloko.
Yini isibani semoto?
Isibani semoto iyisisetshenziswa sikagesi esikhanyisayo, umthombo wokukhanya wokwenziwa lapho amandla kagesi eguqulwa abe imisebe yokukhanya ngendlela eyodwa noma enye.
Izibani zemoto zisetshenziselwa ukuxazulula izinkinga eziningana:
• Ukukhanya komgwaqo nendawo ezungezile ebumnyameni noma ezimeni lapho kungabonakali khona ngokwanele (inkungu, imvula, isiphepho sothuli) - amalambu, amalambu enkungu, izibani zokusesha kanye nezibani zokusesha;
• Amalambu axwayisa ngokuphepha emgwaqeni - izinkomba, amabhuleki, isignali ehlehlayo, amalambu asemini, ukukhanya kwepuleti langemuva, amalambu enkungu angemuva;
• I-alamu mayelana nesimo semoto, izingxenye zayo kanye nemihlangano - isignali kanye nezibani zokulawula kudeshibhodi;
• Ukukhanyisa kwangaphakathi - ingaphakathi lemoto, indawo yenjini, indawo yemithwalo;
• Ukukhanyisa kwezimo eziphuthumayo - izibani ezithwala kude nokunye;
• Ukulungisa kanye nokwenza ngcono izimoto - izibani zokukhanyisa zokuhlobisa.
Ukuxazulula ngayinye yalezi zinkinga, amalambu neminye imithombo yokukhanya (ama-LED) yomklamo nezici ezihlukene kusetshenziswa.Ukuze wenze ukukhetha okufanele kwesibani, okokuqala udinga ukuqonda izinhlobo zabo ezikhona nezici.
Izinhlobo nezici zezibani zezimoto
Izibani zezimoto zingahlukaniswa zibe izinhlobo nezinhlobo ngokusho kwesimiso somzimba esiyisisekelo, izici nenjongo.
Ngokusho kwesimiso sokusebenza ngokomzimba, izibani zihlukaniswe ngezinhlobo ezilandelayo:
• Izibani ze-incandescent;
• I-Xenon gas-discharge (i-arc, i-xenon-metal halide);
• Amalambu okukhanya kwegesi (i-neon futhi agcwaliswe ngamanye amagesi angasebenzi);
• Amalambu e-Fluorescent;
• Imithombo yokukhanya ye-semiconductor - ama-LED.
Ngayinye yezinhlobo ezichazwe zezibani inezici zayo zokuklama kanye nesimiso sokusebenza.
Izibani ze-incandescent.Umthombo wokukhanya uwumucu we-tungsten oshisiswe ezingeni lokushisa eliphezulu, ovalelwe eflaskini yengilazi.Zingaba nemicu eyodwa noma ezimbili (ezihlanganiswe izibani eziphansi neziphakeme), kunezinhlobo ezintathu:
• I-vacuum - umoya uphonswa ngaphandle kwe-flask, ngenxa yokuthi i-filament ayifaki i-oxidize lapho ishisa;
• Egcwele igesi ye-inert - i-nitrogen, i-argon noma ingxube yabo iphonswa ku-flask;
• I-Halogen - i-bulb iqukethe ingxube ye-halogen vapor ye-iodine ne-bromine, ethuthukisa ukusebenza kwesibani nezici zayo.
Izibani ze-vacuum namuhla zisetshenziswa kuphela kumaphaneli wezinsimbi, ekukhanyiseni, njll. Izibani ze-Universal ezigcwele amagesi angenayo zisabalele.Izibani ze-halogen zisetshenziswa kuphela kumalambu angaphambili.
Izibani ze-Xenon.Lezi izibani ze-arc kagesi, kukhona ama-electrode amabili ku-bulb, phakathi kwayo i-arc kagesi evuthayo.I-bulb igcwele igesi ye-xenon, ehlinzeka ngezici ezidingekayo zesibani.Kukhona izibani ze-xenon ne-bi-xenon, zifana nezibani ezinezintambo ezimbili ze-beam ephansi nephezulu.
Izibani ezikhanyisa igesi.Lezi zibani zisebenzisa ikhono lamagesi angenayo (i-helium, i-neon, i-argon, i-krypton, i-xenon) ukuze akhiphe ukukhanya lapho ukukhishwa kukagesi kudlula kuzo.Amalambu e-neon asetshenziswa kakhulu awolintshi, izibani ze-argon zinikeza ukukhanya okunsomi, izibani ze-krypton zinikeza ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
Amalambu e-Fluorescent.Kulezi zibani, ukukhanya kukhipha i-coating ekhethekile ngaphakathi kwe-bulb - i-phosphor.Lokhu kunamathela kukhanya ngenxa yokumuncwa kwamandla, okuthi ngendlela yokukhanya kwe-ultraviolet ekhishwa umhwamuko we-mercury lapho ukukhishwa kukagesi kudlula kuwo.
Izibani ze-LED.Lawa amadivaysi e-semiconductor (ama-diode akhipha ukukhanya) lapho kuvela khona imisebe ye-optical ngenxa yemiphumela ye-quantum ku-pn junction (endaweni yokuxhumana nama-semiconductors ezakhiwo ezahlukene).I-LED, ngokungafani neminye imithombo eminingi yokukhanya, iwumthombo wamaphuzu wemisebe.
Amalambu ezinhlobo ezahlukene anezinhlelo ezithile zokusebenza:
• Izibani ze-incandescent yizona eziguquguqukayo kakhulu, namuhla zisetshenziselwa izibani zekhanda, ama-alamu, ku-cabin, njengokulawula kanye nezibani zesignali kumadeshibhodi, njll;
• I-Xenon - kuphela ekukhanyeni kwekhanda;
• Ukukhanya kwegesi - izibani ze-neon njengezikhombisi nezibani zokulawula (okungavamile ukusetshenziswa namuhla), i-neon namanye amashubhu egesi okukhanyisa okuhlobisa;
• I-Fluorescent - njenge-salon (akuvamile) nemithombo yokukhanya ekude yezimo eziphuthumayo, ukulungiswa, njll.;
• Ama-LED ayimithombo yokukhanya yendawo yonke esetshenziswa namuhla kumalambu asekhanda, ekuboniseni ukukhanya, njengamalambu asebenza emini, kumaphaneli wezinsimbi.
Isibani se-LED uhlobo H4
Amalambu ezimoto anezici ezimbalwa ezibalulekile:
• I-voltage yokuhlinzeka - 6, 12 kanye ne-24 V, ngokulandelanayo yezithuthuthu, izimoto namaloli;
• Amandla kagesi - amandla asetshenziswa ilambu ngokuvamile asuka ezingxenyeni eziyishumi ze-watt (amalambu amasignali namalambu okulawula) kuya kumashumi amaningana amawatts (amalambu akhanyayo).Ngokuvamile, izibani zokupaka, izibani zamabhuleki kanye nezinkomba zokuqondisa zinamandla angama-watts angu-4-5, izibani zekhanda - kusuka kuma-watts angu-35 kuya kwangu-70, kuye ngokuthi uhlobo (izibani ze-incandescent - ama-watts angu-45-50, izibani ze-halogen - ama-watts angu-60-65, i-xenon izibani - kufika kuma-watts angu-75 noma ngaphezulu;
• Ukukhanya - amandla okugeleza okukhanyayo adalwe isibani akalwa ngamalumens (Lm).Izibani ezivamile ze-incandescent zenza ukukhanya okukhanyayo okufika ku-550-600 Lm, izibani ze-halogen zamandla afanayo - 1300-2100 Lm, izibani ze-xenon - kufika ku-3200 Lm, izibani ze-LED - 20-500 Lm;
• Ukushisa kombala kuyisici sombala wemisebe yesibani, ekhonjiswe ngamadigri Kelvin.Izibani ze-incandescent zinezinga lokushisa lombala lika-2200-2800 K, izibani ze-halogen - 3000-3200 K, izibani ze-xenon - 4000-5000 K, izibani ze-LED - 4000-6000 K. Uma izinga lokushisa lombala liphakeme, isibani silula.
Ngokwehlukana, kunamaqembu amabili amalambu ngokuya nge-radiation spectrum:
• Izibani ezivamile - zine-bulb yengilazi evamile, ephuma ku-spectrum ebanzi (ezifundeni ze-optical kanye ne-ultraviolet ne-infrared);
• Ngesihlungi se-ultraviolet - yiba ne-flask eyenziwe ngengilazi ye-quartz, egcina imisebe ye-ultraviolet.Lezi zibani zisetshenziselwa izibani zangaphambili ezine-diffuser ezenziwe nge-polycarbonate noma ezinye ipulasitiki, ezilahlekelwa izimfanelo zazo futhi zibhujiswe imisebe ye-UV.
Kodwa-ke, izici ezingenhla lapho ukhetha izibani azibalulekile njengokuklama kwazo kanye nohlobo lwesisekelo, okudingeka kushiwo ngokuningiliziwe.
Izinhlobo zamakepisi, ukuklama nokusebenza kwezibani zezimoto
Namuhla, kusetshenziswa izibani ezinezisekelo ezihlukahlukene, kodwa zonke zihlukaniswe ngamaqembu amabili amakhulu:
• IYurophu - izibani ezikhiqizwa ngokuhambisana ne-UNECE Regulation No. 37, leli zinga libuye lamukelwe eRussia (GOST R 41.37-99);
• I-America - amalambu akhiqizwe ngokuhambisana nemithetho ye-NHTSA (National Highway Traffic Safety Administration), ezinye izinhlobo zamalambu zinozakwabo base-Europe.
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yiliphi iqembu, izibani zingaba nezisekelo zezinhlobo ezilandelayo:
• I-Flanged - isisekelo sine-flange evimbelayo, uxhumano lukagesi lwenziwa othintana nabo flat;
• Iphinikhodi - isisekelo senziwa ngendlela yenkomishi yensimbi enezikhonkwane ezimbili noma ezintathu zokulungisa ku-cartridge;
• Ngesokhethi yepulasitiki (isisekelo esingunxande) - amalambu ane-flanged anesokhethi yepulasitiki enesixhumanisi esihlanganisiwe.Isixhumi singatholakala ohlangothini noma phansi (coaxial);
• Ngesisekelo seglasi - isisekelo siyingxenye yesibani seglasi, othintana nabo kagesi bathengiswa engxenyeni engezansi;
• Nge-glass cap kanye ne-plastic chuck - i-chuck yepulasitiki enesixhumanisi noma ngaphandle kwayo itholakala eceleni kwe-cap (kulokhu, othintana nabo abavela ku-cap badlula emigodini ku-chuck);
• I-Soffit (esekelwe kabili) - amalambu angama-cylindrical anezisekelo ezitholakala ekugcineni, indawo ngayinye ye-spiral inesisekelo sayo.
Ngasikhathi sinye, izibani ezinezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezisekelo zihlukaniswa ngamaqembu ngokwenhloso yawo:
• Iqembu 1 - ngaphandle kwemingcele - amalambu aphansi futhi aphezulu, amalambu enkungu, njll. Leli qembu lihlanganisa zonke izibani zezinhlobo (izigaba) H (ezivame kakhulu uhlobo H4), HB, HI, HS, kanye namanye amalambu akhethekile. (I-S2 ne-S3 yezithuthuthu nama-mopeds, nabanye);
• Iqembu lesi-2 - amalambu ayisixwayiso, amalambu ajikayo, amalambu ahlehlayo, amalambu okupaka, izikhanyisi zepuleti lelayisense, njll. Leli qembu lihlanganisa amalambu abhalwe C, HY, P, PR, PY, PR, PSR, PSY, R, T, W kanye abanye abanye;
• Iqembu 3 - amalambu okushintsha imikhiqizo efanayo ezimotweni ezingasasebenzi.Leli qembu lihlanganisa amalambu angu-R2 (anesibani esiyindilinga, esisetshenziswa kabanzi ezimotweni ezindala zasekhaya), i-S1 ne-C21W;
• Amalambu okukhipha i-Xenon - leli qembu lihlanganisa amalambu e-xenon amakwe u-D.
Izinhlobo zezimotoisibani
amakepisiUkusebenza kwezinhlobo eziyinhloko zamalambu emoto
Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zamalambu eQembu 1 asetshenziselwa izibani zangaphambili:
• Ngomucu owodwa (noma i-arc eyodwa uma kuyisibani se-xenon) - esetshenziswa kuphela njengesibani esicwilisiwe noma esiphezulu.Emadivaysi e-beam adlulayo, i-filament engezansi imbozwe isikrini esimise ngokukhethekile ukuze ukukhanya okukhanyayo kuqondiswe kuphela engxenyeni engenhla yesibonisi se-headlamp;
• Ngemicu emibili - esetshenziswa njengesibani esicwilisiwe nesiphezulu.Kulezi zibani, imicu ihlukaniswa ibanga elithile ukuze kuthi lapho ifakwe ekukhanyeni, i-filament ephezulu ye-beam igxile ekuboniseni i-reflector, futhi i-filament ye-beam ecwilisiwe ayigxili, futhi i-filament ye-beam ecwilisiwe ivaliwe kusukela. phansi kwesikrini.
Kufanele kuqashelwe ngokukhethekile ukuthi uhlobo (isigaba) sesibani kanye nohlobo lwesisekelo aluyona into efanayo.Amaqembu ahlukene wezibani ahluke ekuklanyeni futhi angase abe nesisekelo esimisiwe, izinhlobo ezivame kakhulu zezisekelo ziboniswa emfanekisweni.
Ukukhetha okulungile nezici zokusebenza kwezibani zemoto
Lapho ukhetha izibani emotweni, kufanele ucabangele uhlobo lwesibani, uhlobo lwesisekelo salo kanye nezici zikagesi - ukunikezwa kwamandla namandla.Kungcono ukuthenga izibani ezinezimpawu ezifanayo ezindala - ngale ndlela uqinisekisiwe ukuthi uthola lokho okudingayo.Uma, ngesizathu esisodwa noma esinye, kungenakwenzeka noma kufiselekayo ukuthenga isibani esifanayo (isibonelo, lapho ushintsha izibani ezivamile ze-incandescent nge-LED), khona-ke uhlobo lwesisekelo kanye nezici zikagesi kufanele zicatshangelwe.
Lapho ukhetha izibani zokukhanyisa ikhanda, udinga ukucabangela izincomo zomkhiqizi wemoto ezikhonjiswe ku-diffuser.Ngakho-ke, kuma-diffusers epulasitiki (futhi iningi lawo namuhla), udinga ukuthenga izibani ngesihlungi se-ultraviolet - cishe zonke izibani ze-halogen zikhiqizwa kanjalo.Futhi, ku-diffuser, ukumaka izibani ezifanele kungaboniswa noma kungaboniswa uhlobo lwazo (isibonelo, umbhalo othi "Halogen").Kungcono ukuthenga izibani ngamabili ukuze zombili izibani zibe nezici ezifanayo.
Lapho uthenga izibani zezinkomba zokuqondisa kanye neziphindaphindayo, udinga ukunaka umbala wama-diffusers awo.Uma i-diffuser isobala, khona-ke kuyadingeka ukukhetha izibani nge-bulb yalokho okubizwa ngokuthi umbala wemoto ophuzi (amber).Uma i-diffuser ipendiwe, isibani kufanele sibe ne-bulb esobala.Akunakwenzeka ukushintsha uhlobo lwesibani ngolunye (isibonelo, faka isibani se-amber esikhundleni se-transparent noma okuphambene nalokho), njengoba zinezinhlobo ezahlukene zezisekelo futhi aziguquguquki.
Kufanele kuqashelwe uma kufakwa amalambu, ikakhulukazi amalambu ekhanda.Ungathatha isibani kuphela ngesisekelo noma usebenzise amagilavu ahlanzekile.Izinsalela zamafutha eminwe kanye nokungcola ku-bulb ziholela emiphumeleni emibi - iphethini yemisebe yesibani nezici ziphulwa, futhi ngenxa yokushisa okungalingani, isibani singaqhekeka futhi sihluleke ngemva kwamahora ambalwa okusebenza.
Ngokukhethwa okufanele nokushintshwa kwezibani, imoto izohlangabezana nezidingo zezindinganiso futhi inikeze ukusebenza okunethezeka ezimweni ezihlukahlukene.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Aug-21-2023